The article aims to create a historiographical image of a scientist-historian Sergei Pavlovich Zvyagin, whose scientific works have become the subject of study. The research is based on a civilizational methodology using general scientific methods, as well as methods of historical science and its auxiliary discipline – historiography. The most important of them were bibliographic and biographical, as well as methods of quantitative and semantic analysis of scientific works. As a result, a historiographical description of the main works of the scientist is given, the subject of his scientific interests is determined and the main line of scientific activity in connection with the main milestones of biography, life and scientific achievements is analyzed. The features of the scientist’s scientific and work biography are revealed and the influence of the changing historiographical situation and scientific conjuncture on him is assessed. The factors that influenced the formation of the personality of the subject of our study as a scientist, organizer of science, teacher, and public figure are studied.

The conclusions include the statement that the experience gained in all these areas by S. P. Zvyagin needs to be studied and disseminated. He is an example of service to historical science, a manifestation of scientific courage, breadth of historical views and skill of the historian. Getting to know him will benefit research historians, young scientists, teachers and students.

The subject of the study is the moral relationship between a doctor and a patient with reference to the discussion of admitted errors and defects in the previous treatment, as well as searching for the effective ways of their correction. An ethical and sociological analysis of the problem is used as the main method of the presented research. The author resorts to a wide variety of domestic and foreign sources and statistics. The results of the study include the classification of medical errors, along with objective and subjective factors causing them. The author ad[1]dresses the concepts of moral damage from doctors’ actions (or inaction), moral responsibility, feeling of guilt and shame of medical workers for the unfavorable outcome of the treatment. Various types of liability for illegal actions are considered. The author considers it ethically correct to inform patients about the mistakes made and apologize (compensate). Other conclusions claim that doctors have no moral right to make mistakes. At the same time it is emphasized that, unfortunately, errors are inevitable in this profession. But they ought to be subject to thorough analysis which aims at finding constructive solutions. This requires ethically acceptable forms of communication between doctors and patients in order to effectively cooperate, minimize and correct errors and defects in medical care.

The article explores Africa and its status in the international world order. Africa is a continent with enormous economic and political potential, which has become extremely important in the contemporary international order. African nations are collaborating more and more on the global and regional levels. The African Union greatly affects the promotion of stability, security, and economic integration on the continent.

 The redistribution of political and economic power in African countries has been a complex and ongoing process formed by historical backgrounds, internal dynamics, and global influences. While progress has been made, challenges remain in achieving equitable development, inclusive governance, and sustainable economic growth across the continent. The distribution of political power has varied widely, with some countries experiencing stable governance and peaceful transitions of power, while others faced authoritarian regimes and political instability.

 Due to its economic potential, demographic trends, and position in the world’s resource supply networks, Africa is becoming more and more recognized as a region of vital importance in modern geopolitical study

The article examines the processes of formation and development of the transport and logistics system in the context of world politics of the XXI century. It is of key importance among the economic and political resources of any state. This system contributes to the development of integration processes in the modern world and stimulates cooperation between countries. The beginning was laid by the formation of the Great Silk Road, which contributed not only to trade between East and West, but also to the cultural enrichment of the parties. The work uses a historical and institutional research method. Special attention is paid to the development of transportation along transport corridors, including through the territory of Kazakhstan. In the modern world, the organization of international transport corridors involves the unification of national laws, the unification of transport infrastructures with common technical characteristics. As a result, capital flows are accelerating and cultural exchanges are expanding. The article emphasizes the importance of environmental safety in the creation of such systems. The author formulated the main tasks for their improvement.