The subject of the study was the Tulun group of anarchists, which arose in the village of Tulun of the Irkutsk province and acted in 1913-1915 in close relationship with the Irkutsk group of anarchist-communists and anarchists of neighboring villages, primarily Zima and Cheremkhovo. In the course of a comprehensive study of rural anarchist organizational formation in Siberia, undertaken for the first time in historiography, the authors relied on civilizational methodology, applying general scientific and specifically historical research methods: analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, comparative historical and problem chronological, as well as methods of periodization, retrospective and prospective analysis. On the basis of archival historical sources introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, the authors obtained new results, based on which they made demonstrative conclusions about the patterns and features of the development of a particular institutional education of anarchists.

It is proved that the group of anarchists of Tulun, consisting entirely of political exiles, was able to become one of the most authoritative and effective rural anarchist groups not only in the Irkutsk province, but also in Siberia. Basically, the radical revolutionary, extremist nature of its political actions and intentions is substantiated. The connections of the group studied with similar formations in the Irkutsk province and in the whole country are traced. The ideological direction of the entire group is defined as anarcho-communist with the influence of a number of other features of anarchism: anarcho-individualism, anarcho-syndicalism. The features of tactics and differences in the party building of anarchists and other socialists are shown. The forms and methods of struggle of state bodies against an anti-state, extremist group, which led to the gradual attenuation of underground work and its complete elimination, are considered. The historical material presented in the article allows us to conclude that the methods used by anarchists are impossible to achieve their stated political goal the construction of a socialist society.

The study analyzes how relations between Russia and Belarus have been built since the independence of the Belarusian state in 1991. Various approaches to the study of transformations that have occurred and are taking place in the post-Soviet space analyze the complex and contradictory relationship of centrifugal and centripetal processes. The methodology used by the authors, based on a combination of comparative and factor analysis, allows us to analyze the «special case» of relations between Russia and Belarus, which, overcoming the contradictions and differences between them in understanding the meaning and goals of the integration process, gradually came to an agreement of positions on key issues of bilateral relations. The combination of quantitative and qualitative analysis allows the authors to assess not only the current state, but also the near future of Russian-Belarusian relations, taking into account the changes in world politics taking place before our eyes. As a result of the conducted research, the complex dynamics and dialectics of the relationship between two closely related states, which are Russia and Belarus, are revealed. The analysis of the foreign policy (and above all diplomatic) activity of Belarus and its priorities allows the authors to clarify and deepen their fi  conclusions on the topic they are considering. As a result, the authors come to the conclusion that the most promising variant of the foreign policy strategy for Russia and Belarus is the development of allied relations in the context of the participation of both countries in the construction of Greater Eurasia as a qualitatively new space of multilateral cooperation.

The subject of the study is the essence and mechanisms of moral choice in the professional activity of a doctor. The purpose consists in analyzing the nature and structure of the choice and its connection with the ethical views of medical professionals. The author uses an activity-based approach in the study of stages and models of moral choice in correlation with an axiological method applied for the analysis of specialists’ ethical values and attitudes. As a result of the undertaken research, the paper defines the conditions and factors of moral choice, its ethical fundamentals and the difficulties of its implementation. It outlines the methods of decision-making and subsequent control of its consequences, as well as the moral responsibility of medical workers. The author highlights the main constituents of moral choice (cognitive, value-notional, motivational, activity-based) and its general features. The method of identifying moral dilemmas in medicine is described and a general algorithm for the solution of ethical collisions is proposed. In conclusion, it is admitted that the mechanisms of moral choice are grounded by the doctor’s ethical principles and values, his conception of the professional duty and are regulated by general legal and administrative norms. In the context of structural transformations in the domestic healthcare and its undetermined prospects, the role of moral regulators is becoming dramatically 

The identification of socio-psychological  determinants of youth involvement in extremist organizations meets the preventive goal of preventing involvement and resisting all kinds of agitation of extremist activity.

The research aims to identify and describe the socio-psychological determinants of youth involvement in extremist organizations. The object of the study: youth as a socio-demographic group. The subject of the study is the socio-psychological determinants of youth involvement in extremist organizations.

The socio-psychological determinants of youth involvement in extremist activities were revealed during the analysis of scientific literature within the framework of the problem field of the study. The results of the study are presented by a number of identified and described socio-psychological determinants of youth involvement in extremist organizations: an acute sense of justice, justice as the dominant value; experience of abuse (including bullying); the state of frustration of the most relevant psychological needs; state of identity crisis; solution of the issue of confessional self-determination; weak subjective position (prerequisite of victimization); surrogate satisfaction of psychological needs as the main strategy and prerequisite of addiction. A special combination of socio-psychological determinants constitutes the novelty of the study. The revealed list of socio-psychological determinants has strong justifications, presented by the authors in the section "research results". The practical application of the results obtained in the promotion of preventive purposes is provided – the development of diagnostic tools to identify potential adherents of extremist ideology and activities.

Youth subcultures as a social phenomenon began to appear in the second half of the 20th century, primarily in Western Europe. Later this trend spread to many countries of the world, including Russia. Most of the subcultures currently existing in Russia are a transformed and adapted version of the original Western subculture. This is exactly what happened with the Columbine subculture.

Subculture is traditionally understood as a branch of culture, moreover, an opposition one, forming a specifi system of val- ues, often contradicting the main culture and values that dom- inate in society. It should be noted that adherence to a culture or subculture is an organic component of the worldview of any person, a culture or subculture contributes to the formation of a value-normative component. A number of subcultures do not pose a danger, they contribute to the formation of a constructive self-identification of the adherent of the subculture, form socially approved norms and values, for example, healthy lifestyle followers, volunteers, orientalists, etc. [9Rostova].

Destructive self-identification is formed within radical, extremistminded subcultures, in which the level of protest mood is high. The subject of research in this paper is the identification features of the columbine subculture. On the territory of the Russian Federation, since February 2022, the Columbine movement has been recognized as terrorist, and its activities have been banned [5]. In the course of the study, methods of content analysis, hermeneutic procedures for analyzing scientifi  literature on the issue were used.

As a result of the study, identification signs of the Сolumbine subculture banned in the territory of the Russian Federation were identified.

Based on the foregoing, we can conclude that the selection of marking features is of great practical importance for identifying adherents of a dangerous subculture and timely response.

The coal industry in Indonesia is currently a key source of energy. By 2025, the share of coal use in Indonesia's energy sector is projected to grow from 23% in 2019 to 30% in 2025. The subject of the study is an assessment of the state and prospects for the development of Indonesia's energy sector and the possibility of adapting its experience in relation to the leading coal-mining regions of Russia. The methodology of the study of the Indonesian energy market includes elements of empirical and theoretical analysis, Climate Doctrine, as well as provisions on objective trends in the development of the regional and national economy of the country, on the reassessment of impulses and resources for the development of the territory. The article uses methods of induction and deduction, analysis and synthesis to study the current state and prospects of coal mining in Indonesia, taking into account global trends, the gradual transition to the use of renewable energy sources in order to obtain "clean energy". Coal mining and processing is carried out by more than 100 Indonesian and foreign companies in a ratio of 3:1. There are problems of product quality assurance, social guarantees for miners and coal industry workers in national and foreign companies. The level of equipment with modern equipment and technology of most enterprises is low.

The result of the study is proof of the thesis that despite the development of "green energy" coal and the coal industry in Indonesia will remain the main source of energy in the country for many years to come.